Which glass and crystal materials can BY Photonics machine?

We machine JGS1 UV fused silica, JGS2 and JGS3 fused quartz, borosilicate glass, optical glass, optical color filter glass, infrared glass, samarium- and cerium-doped glass, sapphire, PTFE-based diffuse reflector material and laser ceramics.

What is the difference between JGS1, JGS2 and JGS3 quartz glass?

JGS1 is synthetic UV-grade fused silica with high transmission from about 185 nm. JGS2 is fused quartz for the visible range with good UV transmission from about 220 nm. JGS3 is infrared-grade fused quartz with low OH content that transmits up to about 3,500 nm.

Which drawing formats should I send for a custom part?

STEP, IGES, DWG, DXF or a dimensioned PDF are all accepted. Please include material, quantity, critical tolerances, surface quality, coating and the operating environment of the part.

How quickly will I receive engineering feedback?

Our engineers review complete drawings and return a manufacturability assessment within 24 hours on working days.

Do you support prototypes and export shipping?

Yes. We support prototype and low-volume orders as well as repeat batch production, and our components are shipped to customers worldwide.

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Precision Portfolio Series A

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Industry Whitepaper

Global Commercial Landscape of Heavy Wall Capillary Tubing

An authoritative exploration of sub-micron concentricity, extreme hydraulic pressures, and the evolving manufacturing challenges in high-precision fluidics.

In modern industrial fluidics, analytical metrology, and optoelectronic packaging, precision heavy wall capillary tubing represents an elite class of engineered vitreous components. Unlike conventional standard-wall tubes where outer-to-inner diameter (OD/ID) ratios rarely exceed 2:1, heavy wall capillary tubing regularly demands aspect ratios of 5:1, 10:1, or higher. This distinct structural bulk is engineered not merely for mechanical survivability, but to resist catastrophic bursting under ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) pressures exceeding 15,000 to 25,000 PSI, to maintain thermal equilibrium in high-radiation laser pump cavities, and to serve as ultra-stable alignment ferrules for specialty single-mode optical fibers.

Historically, global supply has been constrained by tight thermal-draw physics. When pulling thick-walled synthetic silica or high-purity borosilicate, temperature differentials between the external surface and the internal bore cause parabolic shear stress, leading to bore ovality, wall taper, and core eccentricity. BY Photonics has solved this boundary layer challenge by leveraging proprietary vertical down-draw thermal towers operating under hermetic oxyhydrogen shielding, coupled with real-time dual-axis laser scanning shadowgraphy. This ensures continuous, traceable verification of wall thickness, circularity (down to < 0.5% ellipticity), and non-cumulative axial bow (< 0.1 mm per meter).

±0.001mm

ID Bore Tolerance

Super-critical bore accuracy machined via precision thermal redraw and laser control.

>30,000

PSI Burst Threshold

Reinforced hoop stress resistance optimized for high-pressure analytical fluidics.

99.999%

SiO2 Pure Quartz Matrix

Zero-bubble synthetic fused silica free from refractory metal inclusions and striations.

λ/10

Optical Surface Flatness

Precision end-face polishing supporting laser beam transmission down to 185 nm.

Technical Architecture

Engineering Rigor & Material Science

Sub-nanometer finishing, non-destructive optical inspection, and tailored thermo-mechanical properties engineered directly to blueprint parameters.

Synthetic Fused Silica (JGS1)

UV-grade synthetic silica delivering deep ultraviolet transmission down to 185 nm. Featuring ultra-low fluorescent background noise, high radiation stability, and an exceptionally low thermal expansion coefficient (5.5 × 10⁻⁷ /°C) for harsh UV capillary electrophoresis.

Low-OH Optical Silica (JGS3)

Specifically engineered for infrared laser flow channels, spectroscopic probes, and optical telecommunication waveguides. Virtually free from hydroxyl absorption bands at 2720 nm, preventing thermal blooming and localized stress under continuous laser loads.

Aluminosilicate & Borosilicate

Economical and reliable alternatives for microfluidics, biological sampling, and thermal sensor sheathing. Delivers exceptional chemical resistance against hydrolytic attack, concentrated acids, and sudden cyclic thermal changes.

Industrial Integration

Strategic Vertical Deployments

Providing systemic fluidic and optomechanical solutions across global high-technology sectors.

UHPLC & Mass Spectrometry

Scenario: Chromatographic columns operating up to 25,000 PSI where conventional PEEK or thin-walled fused silica tubes rupture or distort.
Solution: Custom micro-bore quartz capillary tubes with ODs of 1/16" (1.58 mm) and IDs from 10 μm to 100 μm, featuring fire-polished, scratch-free inner bores that eliminate dead volume and sample adsorption.

Fiber Optic Splicing & Ferrules

Scenario: Precision multi-core and polarization-maintaining (PM) optical fiber alignment in telecom and defense setups.
Solution: Heavy wall quartz capillary ferrules with strictly controlled concentricity (< 1.5 μm) and chamfered insertion funnels, allowing sub-micron passive alignment and zero optical insertion loss.

Laser Pumping Chambers & Flow Control

Scenario: Solid-state and medical laser heads requiring simultaneous fluid cooling and parasitical fluorescence suppression.
Solution: Samarium-doped and cerium-doped heavy wall capillary flow channels that absorb unwanted 1064 nm amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) while maintaining mechanical rigidity.

Forward Engineering

Manufacturing Roadmap & Dimensional Specifications

Standard and custom tolerances held on continuous batch capillary redraw operations at BY Photonics.

Dimensional Metric	Standard Commercial Grade	High-Precision Optical Grade	Ultra-Precision Semiconductor Grade
Outer Diameter (OD)	± 0.05 mm	± 0.01 mm	± 0.002 mm
Inner Diameter (ID)	± 0.03 mm	± 0.005 mm	± 0.001 mm
Concentricity / TIR	≤ 5.0% of Wall	≤ 2.0% of Wall	≤ 0.8% of Wall (< 1.5 μm)
End-Face Perpendicularity	≤ 1.0°	≤ 0.3°	≤ 0.05° (Laser Polished / Cleaved)
Surface Roughness (Ra)	Ra < 0.8 μm	Ra < 0.2 μm	Ra < 0.02 μm (Fire-polished bore)

Phase I: Sub-Micron Multi-Lumen Array

Developing customized hexagonal and non-circular heavy wall multi-bore capillaries with up to 19 discrete capillary channels, targeted at next-gen photonic crystal fiber drawing preforms.

Phase II: Atomic-Level Hydrophobic Cladding

Integrating in-situ organosilane vapor deposition and fluorine inner-wall doping to reduce chromatographic carryover and sample friction in bio-analytical sequencing.

Phase III: Direct-Bonded Optofluidic Flow Cells

Deploying adhesive-free optical contact and silicate bonding methods, allowing heavy wall capillary tubing to interface with quartz analytical windows without thermal distortion or glue leaching.

Technical Clarity

Frequently Asked Technical Questions

Immediate engineering guidance regarding raw material selection, pressure limits, and custom drawing submissions.

What defines "Heavy Wall" in custom capillary tubing, and how is burst pressure calculated?

Capillary tubing is designated as "heavy wall" when its wall thickness is equal to or greater than its internal bore diameter (OD/ID ratio ≥ 3:1). Burst pressure is governed by Lamé's formula for thick-walled cylinders: P = S × (OD² - ID²) / (OD² + ID²), where S represents tensile strength. Because quartz glass is highly susceptible to surface micro-cracks, BY Photonics uses thermal fire-polishing to achieve hoop tensile limits far exceeding 100 MPa, easily enduring hydraulic stresses above 25,000 PSI.

How does synthetic silica (JGS1) perform against natural quartz (JGS2/JGS3) in capillary systems?

JGS1 is synthesized via chemical vapor deposition of SiCl4, creating an amorphous matrix free of mineral bubbles, microscopic striations, and metallic impurities. It provides superior transmission down to 185 nm with negligible background autofluorescence, making it ideal for capillary UV detection cells. Natural quartz (JGS2/JGS3) is derived from refined mineral crystals; it is structurally robust and cost-effective, but contains trace impurities and hydroxyl groups that make it better suited for visible, NIR, or high-temperature structural tubes.

What end-face termination and preparation processes can you execute on capillary tubes?

We provide precision diamond wheel scoring, laser cleaving, mechanical lapping, and fire-polishing. Depending on your system requirements, end faces can be polished down to λ/4 flatness with optical surface quality 40-20 or 20-10 scratch-dig, chamfered with inner/outer micro-bevels, or expanded with funneled lead-ins for easy optical fiber insertion.

Can BY Photonics deliver custom non-circular or multi-lumen capillary configurations?

Yes. Beyond round-bore tubing, our down-draw platforms support square, rectangular, D-shape, elliptical, and customized multi-lumen profiles (2 to 19 holes). Geometry scaling is preserved during the redraw phase through precisely controlled atmospheric pressure within each individual lumen.

What quality assurance protocols and metrology instruments are used to verify bore concentricity?

Our quality control lab utilizes automated vision measurement systems (VMS), dual-axis laser telecentric micrometers, laser interferometers, and microscopic image analyzers. Every batch is certified for dimensional concentricity, wall uniformity, bore cleanliness, and transmission properties before export packing.

Precision Portfolio Series B

Advanced Optical, Laser & Fluidic Parts

Engineered ceramic reflectors, samarium flow tubes, sapphire plates, and high-purity quartzware directly from the manufacturer.

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